電氣(qi)設(she)(she)備(bei)工作效率，取決于設(she)(she)備(bei)狀態(tai)。如果電氣(qi)設(she)(she)備(bei)存在問題，對電網(wang)可靠性(xing)運(yun)行將造(zao)成(cheng)一定的影響。因此，需(xu)做好電氣(qi)設(she)(she)備(bei)周期性(xing)試驗工作。
電(dian)氣(qi)預防性試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)是(shi)為了發(fa)現運行(xing)中(zhong)設(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)隱患，預防發(fa)生事(shi)故或(huo)設(she)備(bei)(bei)損(sun)壞(huai);對(dui)設(she)備(bei)(bei)進(jin)行(xing)的(de)檢(jian)查、試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)或(huo)監測，包括取油樣(yang)進(jin)行(xing)的(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)。是(shi)電(dian)力設(she)備(bei)(bei)運淺談(tan)電(dian)氣(qi)設(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)預防性試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)行(xing)和維護工作中(zhong)一(yi)(yi)個重要環節，是(shi)保證電(dian)氣(qi)設(she)備(bei)(bei)安全(quan)運行(xing)的(de)有(you)效手段之一(yi)(yi)。預試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)的(de)依據(ju)是(shi)國(guo)家《電(dian)力設(she)備(bei)(bei)預防性試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)規(gui)程》、行(xing)業的(de)有(you)關標準(zhun)、規(gui)范及設(she)計資(zi)料。
1電氣設備預防性試驗(yan)的必要性
電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)設(she)(she)(she)備的(de)預防性(xing)(xing)試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)，是(shi)避免電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)設(she)(she)(she)備在運(yun)行中(zhong)設(she)(she)(she)備絕(jue)緣(yuan)被擊穿(chuan)釀成(cheng)停電(dian)(dian)事(shi)故，起到保證設(she)(she)(she)備安全(quan)運(yun)行的(de)作用。電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)設(she)(she)(she)備絕(jue)緣(yuan)的(de)預防性(xing)(xing)試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)是(shi)保障電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)設(she)(she)(she)淺談電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)設(she)(she)(she)備的(de)預防性(xing)(xing)試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)備安全(quan)運(yun)行的(de)重要(yao)措施。通過(guo)此(ci)試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)，可以(yi)發現電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)設(she)(she)(she)備絕(jue)緣(yuan)內部隱藏的(de)缺陷，以(yi)便在設(she)(she)(she)備檢修時(shi)加以(yi)xx，避免在運(yun)行中(zhong)設(she)(she)(she)備絕(jue)緣(yuan)在工作電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)或過(guo)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下擊穿(chuan)而造成(cheng)停電(dian)(dian)或設(she)(she)(she)備損壞事(shi)故。
預防性(xing)(xing)(xing)試驗(yan)(yan)的目的之一是通(tong)過各(ge)種試驗(yan)(yan)手段診(zhen)斷電力設備的絕(jue)(jue)緣狀(zhuang)況。電力設備的絕(jue)(jue)緣部分是薄弱環節，最容易被(bei)損(sun)壞或劣化(hua)。絕(jue)(jue)緣故(gu)(gu)障具有隨(sui)機性(xing)(xing)(xing)、階段性(xing)(xing)(xing)、隱(yin)蔽性(xing)(xing)(xing)。絕(jue)(jue)緣缺陷大多(duo)數發生在(zai)設備內部，從外表上不(bu)易觀(guan)察到。微弱的絕(jue)(jue)緣缺陷，特別是早期性(xing)(xing)(xing)絕(jue)(jue)緣故(gu)(gu)障，對運行狀(zhuang)態幾乎沒(mei)有影響，甚至(zhi)絕(jue)(jue)緣預防性(xing)(xing)(xing)試驗(yan)(yan)根本測(ce)試不(bu)到。受試驗(yan)(yan)周期的限制，事故(gu)(gu)可能發生在(zai)2次預防性(xing)(xing)(xing)試驗(yan)(yan)的間隔內。這(zhe)就決(jue)定了定期的預防性(xing)(xing)(xing)試驗(yan)(yan)無法及(ji)時準(zhun)確及(ji)早發現(xian)絕(jue)(jue)緣隱(yin)患(huan)。
預(yu)防(fang)性(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)包括(kuo)破(po)壞性(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(如(ru)直流(liu)耐壓(ya)(ya)、交(jiao)流(liu)耐壓(ya)(ya)等)和非破(po)壞性(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(如(ru)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)阻、繞組直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)阻、介質損耗等)、非破(po)壞性(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)中(zhong)，一般所加的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)不(bu)超過10kV，這(zhe)(zhe)比目前的(de)(de)(de)35～220kV電(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)(de)運行電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)低很多。在(zai)(zai)(zai)運行電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)下，設備的(de)(de)(de)局部缺陷(xian)已(yi)發生(sheng)了局部擊穿現象(xiang)，而在(zai)(zai)(zai)預(yu)防(fang)性(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)中(zhong)仍可順利過關，但這(zhe)(zhe)種局部缺陷(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)運行電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)下卻不(bu)斷(duan)發展，以致在(zai)(zai)(zai)預(yu)防(fang)性(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)周期內可能(neng)(neng)導致重大事故。顯然(ran)，隨(sui)著電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等級的(de)(de)(de)升高，預(yu)防(fang)性(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)實際意(yi)義已(yi)減弱(ruo)。另一方面，破(po)壞性(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)則(ze)可能(neng)(neng)引入新的(de)(de)(de)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)隱患，由(you)于試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)都數(shu)倍于設備的(de)(de)(de)額定電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，且(qie)這(zhe)(zhe)種高壓(ya)(ya)對絕緣(yuan)(yuan)造成的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同程度的(de)(de)(de)損傷是不(bu)可逆轉的(de)(de)(de)，長此以往(wang)必將縮短電(dian)(dian)力(li)設備的(de)(de)(de)使用壽命。
2電(dian)氣設備預防性試驗
電(dian)氣(qi)設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)預防(fang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)是保證電(dian)氣(qi)設備(bei)安(an)全運行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)措施(shi)，其(qi)目的(de)(de)(de)在(zai)于檢查電(dian)氣(qi)設備(bei)在(zai)長期運行(xing)(xing)中是否保持良好狀態，掌握電(dian)氣(qi)設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)緣(yuan)情況，以(yi)便發現缺陷(xian)(xian)(xian)及時處理。電(dian)氣(qi)設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)預防(fang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)對防(fang)止電(dian)氣(qi)設備(bei)在(zai)工作電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)或(huo)過電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)作用(yong)下擊穿造(zao)成的(de)(de)(de)停電(dian)及嚴重(zhong)損壞(huai)(huai)設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)故，起著預防(fang)作用(yong)。預防(fang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)方法可(ke)以(yi)分(fen)成兩大(da)類：第(di)一類是破(po)壞(huai)(huai)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)，這類試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)對絕(jue)緣(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)考驗(yan)(yan)(yan)是嚴格的(de)(de)(de)，特(te)別(bie)是能(neng)(neng)揭露那些危險性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)集中性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)缺陷(xian)(xian)(xian)，其(qi)缺點可(ke)能(neng)(neng)會(hui)因耐壓(ya)(ya)試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)給(gei)絕(jue)緣(yuan)造(zao)成一定的(de)(de)(de)損傷。第(di)二類是非(fei)(fei)破(po)壞(huai)(huai)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)，是指在(zai)較低的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)下或(huo)用(yong)其(qi)它(ta)不(bu)會(hui)損傷絕(jue)緣(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)辦法來(lai)測量絕(jue)緣(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)種特(te)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，從而(er)判斷絕(jue)緣(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)部缺陷(xian)(xian)(xian)。破(po)壞(huai)(huai)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)非(fei)(fei)壞(huai)(huai)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)各(ge)有其(qi)特(te)點，所反映的(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)緣(yuan)缺陷(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)質是不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)，且對不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)緣(yuan)結構和(he)材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)有效(xiao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)也不(bu)一樣。所以(yi)，往往需要(yao)采用(yong)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)方法，并對試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)結果進行(xing)(xing)綜合分(fen)析比較后，才(cai)能(neng)(neng)對被試絕(jue)緣(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)做出(chu)正確的(de)(de)(de)、客觀的(de)(de)(de)判斷。
預防(fang)性試(shi)驗(yan)的基本(ben)試(shi)驗(yan)方法有:
2.1測(ce)量直流電(dian)(dian)阻，測(ce)量直流電(dian)(dian)阻的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)是檢查電(dian)(dian)氣設備繞組的(de)(de)質量及(ji)回路(lu)的(de)(de)完整性，以發現因制造(zao)質量不良(liang)或運行(xing)中的(de)(de)振動和機械應力等所(suo)造(zao)成的(de)(de)導線斷裂(lie)、接(jie)頭(tou)開焊、接(jie)觸(chu)不良(liang)、匝間短路(lu)等缺陷。
2.2測量絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)阻(zu)，測量電(dian)氣設備(bei)(bei)的(de)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)阻(zu)，是檢(jian)淺(qian)談電(dian)氣設備(bei)(bei)的(de)預防性試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗查設備(bei)(bei)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)狀態最簡(jian)便和(he)(he)最基(ji)本的(de)方法。在現場普遍(bian)用(yong)兆歐(ou)表測量絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)阻(zu)，絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)阻(zu)值(zhi)的(de)大小常能靈敏地(di)反(fan)應絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)情況(kuang)，能夠有效地(di)發現設備(bei)(bei)局部或整體受潮和(he)(he)臟(zang)污(wu)，以及(ji)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)擊穿和(he)(he)嚴重過熱老化等缺陷。對被(bei)試(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)進行絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)阻(zu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗，一般以絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)阻(zu)值(zhi)及(ji)其(qi)吸收比來計量。因(yin)選(xuan)用(yong)的(de)兆歐(ou)表電(dian)壓低于(yu)被(bei)試(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)工作(zuo)(zuo)電(dian)壓，故此項試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗屬于(yu)非破壞性試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗，且操作(zuo)(zuo)安(an)全、簡(jian)便，常用(yong)來初步(bu)檢(jian)查被(bei)試(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)有無受潮及(ji)局部缺陷。
2.3直(zhi)流(liu)泄(xie)露電(dian)(dian)流(liu)及(ji)直(zhi)流(liu)耐(nai)壓(ya)(ya)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)，直(zhi)流(liu)泄(xie)露電(dian)(dian)流(liu)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)是(shi)測量被試(shi)(shi)物在不(bu)同(tong)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)作(zuo)用下(xia)的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)泄(xie)漏電(dian)(dian)流(liu)值。而直(zhi)流(liu)耐(nai)壓(ya)(ya)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)是(shi)被試(shi)(shi)物在高(gao)于幾倍工作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)下(xia)，歷(li)時一定時間的(de)一種(zhong)抗電(dian)(dian)強度(du)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)。直(zhi)流(liu)泄(xie)露電(dian)(dian)流(liu)及(ji)直(zhi)流(liu)耐(nai)壓(ya)(ya)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)的(de)原理與(yu)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)阻試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)的(de)原理xx相同(tong)，但是(shi)比絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)阻試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)的(de)優越之處在于，試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)高(gao)并可(ke)隨意(yi)調節(jie)，可(ke)以更(geng)有效地檢測出絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)受潮的(de)情況和局(ju)部缺陷，在試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)過程中(zhong)可(ke)根據微(wei)安表指示，隨時了(le)解(jie)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)狀(zhuang)況。
2.4測量介質(zhi)損(sun)(sun)(sun)失角正切值，介質(zhi)損(sun)(sun)(sun)失角試驗是(shi)評價(jia)高壓(ya)電氣(qi)設備絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)狀況(kuang)的(de)有(you)效方(fang)法之一。通過介質(zhi)損(sun)(sun)(sun)失角試驗可以(yi)發現絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)受潮(chao)、絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)中含有(you)氣(qi)體(ti)以(yi)及(ji)浸漬物和油(you)的(de)不(bu)均(jun)勻或臟污等缺陷。適合體(ti)積較大的(de)、由多(duo)種絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)材料組成的(de)被試物，對于嚴重的(de)局部(bu)缺陷和受潮(chao)、絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)老化(hua)等整體(ti)缺陷是(shi)能(neng)較靈敏(min)、有(you)效地檢查出來(lai)。
2.5交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)耐(nai)(nai)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)：雖然直流(liu)(liu)耐(nai)(nai)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)也較高(gao)，但對保證設(she)(she)備安(an)全(quan)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)還是(shi)(shi)不(bu)夠(gou)的(de)(de)。所以為(wei)進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步暴露設(she)(she)備缺(que)陷(xian)，檢(jian)查(cha)設(she)(she)備絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)水平和xx確定設(she)(she)備能否(fou)投入運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)，還應進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)耐(nai)(nai)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)。交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)耐(nai)(nai)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)能更好地(di)模擬被試(shi)(shi)物在實(shi)際運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)承受(shou)過電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)情況，同時(shi)比(bi)(bi)起(qi)直流(liu)(liu)耐(nai)(nai)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)來(lai)，往往能更有效地(di)發(fa)現一(yi)些被試(shi)(shi)物的(de)(de)局部缺(que)陷(xian)。由于交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)耐(nai)(nai)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)一(yi)般比(bi)(bi)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)高(gao)很多，對絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)不(bu)良的(de)(de)被試(shi)(shi)物來(lai)說是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種破壞(huai)性試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)，因此進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)此項(xiang)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)前，應先進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)測量絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)阻、直流(liu)(liu)泄(xie)露電(dian)流(liu)(liu)及直流(liu)(liu)耐(nai)(nai)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)等，初步檢(jian)查(cha)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)的(de)(de)狀況。若(ruo)發(fa)現絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)有缺(que)陷(xian)時(shi)，應研究處理(li)后再進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)耐(nai)(nai)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)。交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)耐(nai)(nai)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)是(shi)(shi)鑒定電(dian)氣設(she)(she)備絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)強度最(zui)直接的(de)(de)方法，對于判斷電(dian)氣設(she)(she)備能否(fou)投入運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)具(ju)有決定性的(de)(de)意(yi)義，也是(shi)(shi)保證設(she)(she)備絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)水平、避免(mian)發(fa)生絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)事故的(de)(de)重要手段。
2.6非(fei)破壞性試驗(yan)
非(fei)破淺談電氣設(she)備的預防性(xing)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)壞性(xing)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)是在較低的電壓下或者是用其(qi)它(ta)不(bu)會損傷(shang)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)的辦法(fa)來測(ce)量絕緣(yuan)(yuan)的各種特性(xing)，從(cong)而判(pan)斷絕緣(yuan)(yuan)內部的缺陷。最簡單(dan)而常用的非(fei)破壞性(xing)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)就(jiu)是測(ce)量被試(shi)(shi)品的絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電阻。
當直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)作用在任何(he)介質上時(shi)(shi)(shi)，通過它的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)可包含三部分:泄漏電(dian)(dian)流(liu)、電(dian)(dian)容(rong)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)和吸收電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。后兩部分是(shi)與時(shi)(shi)(shi)間有(you)關的(de)(de)，其隨(sui)加壓(ya)的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間增(zeng)長而減(jian)小，并在相(xiang)當的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間后趨(qu)于零(ling)。此時(shi)(shi)(shi)總的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)便趨(qu)于穩定值，這個穩定的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)值就是(shi)泄漏電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。淺(qian)談(tan)電(dian)(dian)氣設備的(de)(de)預防性試驗
一(yi)般在(zai)(zai)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)預防(fang)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，為方(fang)便計算(suan)，不是(shi)(shi)(shi)直接測(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大(da)(da)小，而是(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)兆(zhao)歐(ou)(ou)表(biao)(biao)(biao)去測(ce)量(liang)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)的(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化。由于(yu)(yu)兆(zhao)歐(ou)(ou)表(biao)(biao)(biao)內直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓一(yi)定，故絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)成(cheng)反(fan)比(bi)，當被(bei)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)品絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)存在(zai)(zai)貫(guan)穿(chuan)的(de)(de)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)(xing)缺(que)陷(xian)時(shi)(shi)，反(fan)映(ying)泄漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)明顯下(xia)降(jiang)在(zai)(zai)用(yong)(yong)兆(zhao)歐(ou)(ou)表(biao)(biao)(biao)檢查(cha)時(shi)(shi)便可(ke)(ke)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)。例(li)如(ru)(ru)：變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)針式(shi)支持絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)最常見(jian)的(de)(de)缺(que)陷(xian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)瓷瓶(ping)開(kai)裂、開(kai)裂后絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)明顯下(xia)降(jiang)，就可(ke)(ke)以用(yong)(yong)兆(zhao)歐(ou)(ou)表(biao)(biao)(biao)檢測(ce)出(chu)來。對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容較大(da)(da)的(de)(de)設備，如(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機、變(bian)(bian)壓器、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器等可(ke)(ke)利用(yong)(yong)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收現(xian)(xian)象來測(ce)量(liang)它們的(de)(de)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)隨時(shi)(shi)間的(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化，以判斷絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)狀況(kuang)。吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗反(fan)映(ying)B級絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和(he)(he)B級浸膠絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)局部缺(que)陷(xian)和(he)(he)受(shou)潮(chao)程度比(bi)較靈敏。例(li)如(ru)(ru)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機定子(zi)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收現(xian)(xian)象是(shi)(shi)(shi)十分(fen)明顯的(de)(de)，通常我們用(yong)(yong)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收比(bi)來表(biao)(biao)(biao)示：K=R06/R15，即60s時(shi)(shi)兆(zhao)歐(ou)(ou)表(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)讀數(shu)與15s時(shi)(shi)兆(zhao)歐(ou)(ou)表(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)讀數(shu)之比(bi)。K值是(shi)(shi)(shi)兩個絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值之比(bi)，有(you)利于(yu)(yu)反(fan)映(ying)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)狀態。例(li)如(ru)(ru)，對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)干(gan)燥(zao)的(de)(de)B級絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機定子(zi)線圈，在(zai)(zai)10～30℃時(shi)(shi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收比(bi)遠大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)1.3;若受(shou)潮(chao)嚴重，則(ze)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值顯著下(xia)降(jiang)，使K值大(da)(da)下(xia)降(jiang)，K≈1;如(ru)(ru)K<1.3，則(ze)可(ke)(ke)判斷為絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)受(shou)潮(chao)。當絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)有(you)嚴重缺(que)陷(xian)時(shi)(shi)，K值也可(ke)(ke)反(fan)映(ying)出(chu)來。但(dan)出(chu)現(xian)(xian)某些集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)缺(que)陷(xian)已發(fa)展的(de)(de)很(hen)嚴重，以致在(zai)(zai)耐壓試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)被(bei)擊穿(chuan)，但(dan)耐壓試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗前測(ce)出(chu)的(de)(de)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)值和(he)(he)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收比(bi)均很(hen)高，這是(shi)(shi)(shi)因為這些缺(que)陷(xian)雖然很(hen)嚴重，但(dan)還沒有(you)貫(guan)穿(chuan)的(de)(de)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)故。因此，只憑絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)的(de)(de)測(ce)量(liang)來判斷絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)狀況(kuang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不可(ke)(ke)靠的(de)(de)。泄漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗與絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)測(ce)量(liang)原理相同，泄漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)更(geng)高的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下(xia)進(jin)行(高于(yu)(yu)10kV)由于(yu)(yu)在(zai)(zai)升壓過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)便于(yu)(yu)檢測(ce)泄漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)值，因而易(yi)于(yu)(yu)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性(xing)(xing)缺(que)陷(xian)。
2.7破(po)壞性試驗
破壞(huai)性(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗也叫交流耐(nai)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗。交流耐(nai)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗是考驗被試(shi)(shi)(shi)品絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)承受(shou)各種過電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)能力，它的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)、波形、頻(pin)率(lv)和(he)在被試(shi)(shi)(shi)品絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內部電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)分布均符合實際運行(xing)情(qing)(qing)況，能有(you)效的(de)發現絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)缺(que)陷，這類試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗對絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)考慮是嚴格的(de)，特(te)別是能遏制那些危險性(xing)較大(da)的(de)集(ji)中缺(que)陷，它能保證絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)有(you)一定的(de)水平(ping)或裕度(du)。缺(que)點是耐(nai)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗時，可(ke)能會給絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)帶來一定損傷，為(wei)了(le)避免設(she)備(bei)的(de)損壞(huai)，耐(nai)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗要在非破壞(huai)性(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗之后進行(xing)，即在非破壞(huai)性(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗合格后方可(ke)允許(xu)進行(xing)。絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)擊穿電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)值與加壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)持續時間(jian)有(you)關，尤其(qi)對有(you)機(ji)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)特(te)別明顯，其(qi)擊穿電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)隨(sui)加壓(ya)(ya)(ya)時間(jian)的(de)增加而逐(zhu)漸下降。有(you)關標準(zhun)規(gui)定，耐(nai)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)時間(jian)為(wei)1min，一方面(mian)是為(wei)了(le)便于觀察被試(shi)(shi)(shi)品情(qing)(qing)況，使有(you)弱點的(de)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)來得及暴(bao)露。另(ling)一方面(mian)，又不致時間(jian)過長而使不應(ying)有(you)的(de)絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)擊穿。
在電氣(qi)(qi)設備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)維護(hu)檢修、運行(xing)(xing)工作(zuo)中，必須(xu)認(ren)真執行(xing)(xing)電氣(qi)(qi)設備(bei)(bei)預(yu)(yu)(yu)防性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)試(shi)驗規程(cheng)，不(bu)斷提高質量(liang)，堅(jian)持預(yu)(yu)(yu)防為主，使設備(bei)(bei)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)長周期、安全淺談電氣(qi)(qi)設備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)預(yu)(yu)(yu)防性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)試(shi)驗、可靠運行(xing)(xing)，防患(huan)于未然。另外還(huan)應(ying)堅(jian)持科學的(de)(de)態度，對試(shi)驗結(jie)果全面的(de)(de)、歷史的(de)(de)進行(xing)(xing)綜合分(fen)析，掌(zhang)握電氣(qi)(qi)設備(bei)(bei)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)變化(hua)的(de)(de)規律和趨(qu)勢，使電氣(qi)(qi)設備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)絕緣性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)始終處于監控(kong)、掌(zhang)握、管(guan)(guan)(guan)理之(zhi)中。也(ye)只有這樣，才(cai)能(neng)(neng)真正認(ren)識(shi)到電氣(qi)(qi)設備(bei)(bei)預(yu)(yu)(yu)防性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)試(shi)驗的(de)(de)必要性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，才(cai)能(neng)(neng)限制電氣(qi)(qi)故障的(de)(de)擴大、減(jian)輕設備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)損壞，提高電氣(qi)(qi)系統的(de)(de)安全性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、穩(wen)定性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。我們才(cai)能(neng)(neng)由事后把關(guan)向積極的(de)(de)事前(qian)預(yu)(yu)(yu)防轉變，由被動管(guan)(guan)(guan)理向主動管(guan)(guan)(guan)理轉變，將管(guan)(guan)(guan)結(jie)果轉變為管(guan)(guan)(guan)過程(cheng)，實現(xian)全面質量(liang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理。
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