目前市場上安(an)規(gui)綜合測試儀的檢定裝置種類少,價格昂貴,因此,很多實驗室都是分別對安規綜合測試儀的高壓輸出、擊穿報警電流測量、接地導通電阻測試和絕緣電阻測試等參數進行校準.本文分別對以上參數相應的校準方法、易出現的問題及注意事項進行了探討.  

一、概(gai)述

安規綜合測試儀(以下簡(jian)稱安規儀)是(shi)用來測試產品(pin)安全性(xing)能的主要儀器，一(yi)般有:耐

壓測(ce)(ce)試(shi)，漏(lou)電(dian)流測(ce)(ce)試(shi)，接地電(dian)阻(zu)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)，絕緣電(dian)阻(zu)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)，等等。為(wei)了(le)保證(zheng)安規儀(yi)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)的(de)準確性，

相應(ying)地(di)要對高(gao)壓輸出、漏電(dian)流測(ce)量(liang)、接地(di)電(dian)阻測(ce)量(liang)和絕(jue)緣電(dian)阻測(ce)童等進行(xing)校(xiao)準。

二(er)、高壓輸出準(zhun)確度的校(xiao)準(zhun)

1、校(xiao)準方法(fa)

安規儀(yi)輸(shu)出的高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)有交流電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)和(he)直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)之(zhi)分，電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)高(gao)達5000V以上。交流電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)一(yi)般為工(gong)頻50Hz或60H2，校準包括交流電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)出準確(que)度和(he)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)波形失真。直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)校準包括直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)出準確(que)度和(he)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)紋波大(da)小

安規(gui)儀(yi)輸(shu)出的高壓通過1000: 1標準高壓分(fen)壓器接入數(shu)字多用(yong)表的電壓輸(shu)入端或(huo)失真儀(yi)

輸(shu)入端。如果是交(jiao)流電壓;利用(yong)數字多用(yong)表的交(jiao)流電壓測試(shi)功能;測得(de)的值(zhi)再乘1000與(yu)安.

規儀指示(shi)值進行比較;利用失真(zhen)(zhen)儀測量(liang)電壓波形(xing)失真(zhen)(zhen)，失真(zhen)(zhen)大(da)小不能超過規定值。如果是直

流(liu)電壓，利用數字(zi)多(duo)用表的直流(liu)電壓測試功能，測得的值(zhi)再乘1000與安規儀指示(shi)值(zhi)進行(xing)比(bi)

較;再利(li)用數字(zi)多用表(biao)的交(jiao)流電(dian)壓測試功能，測得的值再乘1000即為紋波，紋波大小不(bu)能

超(chao)過規(gui)定(ding)值。

2、注意(yi)事項

1000:1標準(zhun)高壓(ya)分(fen)(fen)壓(ya)器一般為(wei)高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)R1與電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)R2串聯，再配(pei)(pei)合10Mω輸入(ru)阻(zu)(zu)抗(kang)的數字多用(yong)表(biao)，構成(cheng)1000:1的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)分(fen)(fen)壓(ya)器（如：999Mω與1.11Mω串聯，再配(pei)(pei)合10Mω輸入(ru)阻(zu)(zu)抗(kang)的數字多用(yong)表(biao)，1.11Mω與10Mω的并(bing)聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)約為(wei)1Mω，正好(hao)構成(cheng)1000:1的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)分(fen)(fen)壓(ya)器）。如果數字多用(yong)表(biao)的輸入(ru)阻(zu)(zu)抗(kang)大(da)于或小(xiao)于10Mω，就(jiu)會影響標準(zhun)高壓(ya)分(fen)(fen)壓(ya)器的分(fen)(fen)壓(ya)比，測(ce)量也就(jiu)失去了準(zhun)確性。為(wei)了安全起見，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)應從低往高校準(zhun)。測(ce)量交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)波形失真(zhen)和直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)紋波大(da)小(xiao)時，應在輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)接近滿(man)度位置(zhi)測(ce)量。

漏電流測量準確度的校準

1.校準(zhun)方(fang)法(fa)

安規(gui)(gui)(gui)儀漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)測(ce)(ce)試也有(you)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)和直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)之分(fen)，與輸出的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓一(yi)致(zhi)。當(dang)(dang)加交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)高壓時，就測(ce)(ce)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，是直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)高壓就測(ce)(ce)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。安規(gui)(gui)(gui)儀漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)設定一(yi)般為標(biao)稱值(zhi)：0.5mA、1mA、2mA、5mA、10mA、20mA、等(deng)等(deng)。當(dang)(dang)被測(ce)(ce)試件(jian)加到規(gui)(gui)(gui)定的(de)高壓時，由(you)于被測(ce)(ce)試件(jian)所承受耐壓的(de)能力，會有(you)一(yi)些漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，當(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)超過安規(gui)(gui)(gui)儀漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)設定時，儀器報安規(gui)(gui)(gui)綜合測(ce)(ce)試儀報警，并切斷高壓，表示(shi)被測(ce)(ce)試件(jian)耐壓測(ce)(ce)試不(bu)合格。有(you)些安規(gui)(gui)(gui)儀具有(you)實時顯示(shi)漏(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)功能。

安(an)規(gui)綜合測(ce)試儀輸出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高壓(ya)(ya)通(tong)過高壓(ya)(ya)限流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)（根據所測(ce)漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不同，阻(zu)值(zhi)作(zuo)相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)變，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)大，阻(zu)值(zhi)小；電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)小，阻(zu)值(zhi)大）接(jie)入(ru)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)多(duo)(duo)用表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸入(ru)端，利(li)用數(shu)(shu)字(zi)多(duo)(duo)用表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)或直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)測(ce)試功能，測(ce)試交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)或直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)從低往(wang)高調(diao)節，當(dang)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)多(duo)(duo)用表(biao)顯(xian)示(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)接(jie)近設定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)值(zhi)時，慢慢的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，同時觀察數(shu)(shu)字(zi)多(duo)(duo)用表(biao)顯(xian)示(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)值(zhi)，直(zhi)(zhi)到安(an)規(gui)儀報警，此時顯(xian)示(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)值(zhi)即(ji)為漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實測(ce)值(zhi)。對于具有實時顯(xian)示(shi)漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)功能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)規(gui)儀，還(huan)要(yao)校準漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顯(xian)示(shi)準確度，這時只要(yao)把(ba)安(an)規(gui)儀顯(xian)示(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漏(lou)(lou)(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)值(zhi)與數(shu)(shu)字(zi)多(duo)(duo)用表(biao)顯(xian)示(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)值(zhi)進行比較即(ji)可(ke)。

2.注(zhu)意事項(xiang)

數字多用(yong)(yong)表(biao)與高壓限(xian)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)阻R1串聯次序{jd1}不(bu)(bu)(bu)能接(jie)錯，如(ru)果(guo)按如(ru)圖3所示連接(jie)，當電(dian)(dian)壓太(tai)高時，就(jiu)會(hui)燒(shao)壞數字多用(yong)(yong)表(biao)，因為數字多用(yong)(yong)表(biao)的(de)輸(shu)入端對地電(dian)(dian)壓不(bu)(bu)(bu)能超(chao)過規定值。建議(yi)在電(dian)(dian)壓量(liang)程的(de)三分之二左右進行漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)測試，這(zhe)樣(yang)更接(jie)近實際使用(yong)(yong)情(qing)況(kuang)，根(gen)據電(dian)(dian)壓量(liang)程和(he)所要(yao)校準的(de)漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)大小選(xuan)擇合(he)適的(de)高壓限(xian)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)阻。如(ru)果(guo)在很低的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓范圍進行測量(liang)，這(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅不(bu)(bu)(bu)符合(he)實際使用(yong)(yong)情(qing)況(kuang)，而(er)且在漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)大小不(bu)(bu)(bu)變的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下，高壓限(xian)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)阻必定選(xuan)擇很小，這(zhe)樣(yang)調節(jie)電(dian)(dian)壓時，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)變化太(tai)快，從而(er)影響校準的(de)準確度。

接地電阻測量準(zhun)確度的校準(zhun)

1.校準(zhun)方法

安規綜合測試儀(yi)接地(di)(di)電阻測試是加一定(ding)的工頻（50Hz或60Hz）電流（3A～30A）進(jin)行測試，采用四(si)端(duan)法。校準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)時(shi)，一要進(jin)行接地(di)(di)電阻測量準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)確度校準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，二要對設定(ding)的工頻電流進(jin)行校準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)。

安(an)規(gui)(gui)綜(zong)合測試(shi)儀的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)出端（I+和(he)(he)I-）和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓輸(shu)入端（V+和(he)(he)V-）分(fen)別與標準接(jie)地電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)入端（接(jie)線柱較(jiao)粗(cu)的(de)）和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓取樣(yang)端（接(jie)線柱較(jiao)細的(de)）相連，設定(ding)(ding)好測試(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)（如：25A）對(dui)不同阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)(zhi)的(de)標準接(jie)地電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)進行測試(shi)，接(jie)地電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)的(de)顯示值(zhi)(zhi)與標準接(jie)地電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)相比(bi)較(jiao)；改(gai)變測試(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)（如：10A）做同樣(yang)的(de)測試(shi)。測試(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)校準有(you)多(duo)(duo)種方(fang)法：一(yi)、安(an)規(gui)(gui)綜(zong)合測試(shi)儀電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)出端直接(jie)與交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)表串聯，看測試(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)設定(ding)(ding)值(zhi)(zhi)是否與交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)表的(de)顯示值(zhi)(zhi)相符；二、由于數(shu)字多(duo)(duo)用(yong)(yong)表的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)量(liang)程(cheng)有(you)限，直接(jie)測量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)不可(ke)能，可(ke)以采(cai)用(yong)(yong)在標準接(jie)地電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓取樣(yang)端測交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓來(lai)間(jian)接(jie)測量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，若標準接(jie)地電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)為100mω，則電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)=U/0.1=10U（A）（U為數(shu)字多(duo)(duo)用(yong)(yong)表的(de)顯示值(zhi)(zhi)，單位為V）。

2.注意事(shi)項

因為接地(di)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)很小，為毫歐級，為了抵消(xiao)測(ce)試線(xian)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)、接觸電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)和引線(xian)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)，接地(di)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)校準一定要(yao)采用四端法。

對測試電流校準時，由(you)于電流較大(da)，直接測量容易(yi)燒壞數字多用表，{zh0}采用間(jian)接法。

絕緣電(dian)阻(zu)測量(liang)準(zhun)確度的校準(zhun)

1.校(xiao)準方(fang)法

安規綜(zong)合測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)儀(yi)絕緣(yuan)電阻測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)是加一定的(de)直(zhi)流電壓(ya)(ya)（一般為(wei)200V到1000V）進行測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)。校準時(shi)，一要進行絕緣(yuan)電阻測(ce)(ce)(ce)量準確度校準，二要對設定的(de)電壓(ya)(ya)準確度進行校準。

安規綜合測(ce)試(shi)儀絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)測(ce)試(shi)端直接與絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)箱接線柱相連，設定測(ce)試(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)（如(ru)(ru)：500V直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)），選擇不(bu)同(tong)的絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)進行測(ce)試(shi)，絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)的顯(xian)示值(zhi)與標準(zhun)(zhun)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)相比(bi)較；改變測(ce)試(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)（如(ru)(ru)：1000V直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)）做同(tong)樣的測(ce)試(shi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)準(zhun)(zhun)確度的校準(zhun)(zhun)與高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)輸出準(zhun)(zhun)確度的校準(zhun)(zhun)方法相同(tong)，不(bu)再贅述了。

2.注意事(shi)項

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